02 Mei 2011

SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEM              Name : Rezza Putra Pratama Class : 12.2B.01 NIM : 12103277 

I. Definition Operating System
Did you know, what Operating System? More easily referred to as the OS, it brings purpose Operating System. Windows XP is a kind of OS, as well as with Windows Vista and Windows 7, all of which come from a family of Windows NT. In addition to Microsoft Windows that you recognize, there are also other operating systems like Unix that is always running on the server; Mac OS X running on Apple computers as well as Linux such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Knoppix.

In a computer, the OS serves as an intermediary between the software and hardware. He is also responsible for the distribute computer source - such as memory and CPU - to every application you run.

Say you're typing letter using Microsoft Word. If you want to print the document, the OS will be responsible to convey the direction of Microsoft Word (software) to the printer (hardware). Common interaction between software and hardware manage by the OS so the application does not need managed own, as well as a programmer to create applications.

II. THE TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
There’s many operating system. There are many operating systems that exist today. The one that we know is that Microsoft Windows. But, still a lot besides that. There are Linux and Mac (Macintosh). But we know it's less about the history of the operating system. The following will be explained about the various operating systems along with its history.

a. Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating system (Software Operating Systems) and graphical display for users (Graphical User Interfaces), produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced Windows as the operating environment in November 1985.

Windows is designed as an add-on for MS-DOS in response to taking over to attention on Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). After that Microsoft Windows dominates the personal computer market of the world, to taking over the position of the Mac OS, which first introduced.

In 2004 Conference IDC (IDC Directions Conference), stated that over 90% market Windows operating system (operating system). Is the latest Windows client version of Windows Vista, and the latest server is Windows Server 2008. Vista is the successor, Windows 7 (so far still a potential successor), Windows 7 is scheduled to be released October 22, 2009.

Windows history began in September 1981, when it was a project named "Interface Manager" started, the project was announced in November 1983 was given the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.

Windows 1.0 is a program known as MS-DOS Executive. Another program is a calculator, calendar, Cardfile, clipboard viewer. Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal, and Write.

History of Microsoft Windows

Microsoft first began development of an interface manager (subsequently renamed Microsoft Windows) in September 1981. Although the prototypes used Multiplan first with Word-like menu at the bottom of the screen, the interface was changed in 1982 using the drop-down menus and dialog boxes, such as those used by the Xerox Star.

Version of Microsoft Windows into the deal now looks like this:

  • Windows 1.0
  • Windows 2.0
  • Windows/386
  • Windows 3.0
  • Windows 3.1
  • Windows 95
  • Windows 98
  • Windows Me
  • Windows NT
  • Windows 2000
  • Windows XP
  • Windows Server 2003

Windows 1.0
Microsoft finally announced Windows in November 1983, with the pressure that must be created from dreams and Top view impending. This case occurred after the Apple Lisa was released (but before the Macintosh), and before Digital Research announced the GEM, a graphical environment of other competitors. Windows promises a simple graphical interface, device-independent graphics and multitasking support. The development has been delayed several times, however, and the first version available for the consumer market (after 55 years of development programmer) on November 1985. The selection of applications are rarely, however, and Windows sales were modest. The following are the main features of Windows 1.0:

  • Graphical user interface (GUI) with drop-down menus, tiled windows and mouse support.
  • Device-independent screen and printer graphics
  • Cooperative multitasking of Windows applications
Windows 2.0
Windows 2.0, introduced in the autumn of 1987, presents a significant improvement on the Windows Usability. With the addition of icon and overlapping windows, Windows became a good environment for the development of major applications (such as Excel, Word fork Windows, Corel Draw!, Ami, Pagemaker, and Micrografx Designer). Sales have to bring up the runtime (Single Application Environment) version provided by independent software vendors. When Windows/386 (see next section) has been released / release, Microsoft gave the name of Microsoft Windows 2.0 became Windows/286 for consistency. The following are the major changes from earlier versions of Windows:
  • overlapping windows
  • PIF files for DOS applications

Windows/386
In late 1987, Microsoft release Windows/386, which is functionally equivalent to Windows/286, DOS can run multiple applications simultaneously in extended memory. Various virtual DOS machine with a multitasking preemptive new features in Windows from a previous version.

Windows 3.0
Microsoft Windows 3.0, which is released in May 1990, to complete a thorough check of the Windows environment. Windows 3.0 to put address in memory of 640KB, and has an interface that is much more powerful, independent software vendors started to swell; kan Windows applications with energy (vigor). Powerful new applications helped Microsoft sell more than 10 million copies of Windows, the GUI makes it the most popular in the history of computing. The following are the major changes from previous Windows versions:\

  • Standard Mode (286), with support for large memory
  • 386 Enhanced Mode, with large memory support and a variety of DOS session preempitve
  • Not available version of the runtime
  • Program Manager and File Manager added
  • Support network
  • Support for more than 16 colors
  • Application Programming Interface (API) support for combo boxes, hierarchical menus, and private.

Windows 3.1

Microsoft Windows 3.1, which released in April 1992, presents an important improvement to Windows 3.0. In his first two months, selling over three million copies, including upgrades from Windows 3.0. The following are the major changes from Windows 3.0:

  • No Real (8086) mode support
  • Support the kind of writing (font) is scalable TrueType
  • Multimedia Capabilities
  • Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
  • The ability of memory boot back applications
  • Mouse Trails to make the mouse using the LCD display equipment
  • Inter-application better protection and better diagnostic errors
  • Support multimedia and networking API
  • API level compatibility with the Windows NT source

Windows 95

Windows 95 released in August 1995. Directed at the desktop market, it is very different from the Windows 3.1 and no longer requires a separate DOS. Designed to keep current with Windows NT, which offers a greater degree of backward compatibility with software and drivers of older (earlier), at the expense of stability and security of Windows NT is greater. New features are as follows:

  • A new, more Object-oriented GUI
  • a new Win32 API
  • preemptive multitasking of Win32 applications
  • Model 32-bit flat memory
  • Protected memory
  • Supports built-in networking, including dial-up support
  • Model driver new 32-bit

Windows 98

Windows 98 released as an upgrade to Windows 95. Windows 98 has a similar interface (interface) and the features of Windows 95, but also includes the following update:

  • 32-bit allocation system (FAT32), which not only allows the hard disk drive larger than 2GB, but also the use of disk space more efficiently, allowing files to be loaded faster and takes place over a little, to read FAT32 hard drive disks of 2TB (2000GB)
  • Support for peripherals Universal Serial Bus (USB)
  • Support for WebTV (since then changed to MSN TV)
  • Support for multiple monitors
  • Microsoft Web Server
  • Microsoft Task Scheduler

Some of these features are also available in the latest Windows versions (known as OSR2) which has been distributed with new PCs in 1998. OSR2 was never available for retail sales.

In 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98SE (Second Edition), which increase Windows and also added the following features:

  • Support for DVD-ROM
  • Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)
  • Improving the startup time for programs
  • Increasing support for USB

Windows Me

Windows Me, or Millennium Edition, was released in 2000 as an upgrade from Windows 98SE. Very similar to its predecessor, Windows Me include the ability of new home networking, video capture and editing, and a new mechanism to rebuild the system in an emergency.

Microsoft replaces Windows Me to Windows XP, which is described below.

Windows NT

Note: For security and support reasons, UITS recommends using Windows 2000 Professional or Windows XP Professional, NT Workstation 4.0 from the Indiana University network. Windows NT 4.0 into the life cycle phases are enhanced. This means that is no longer considered a mainstream technology, and support will be more limited during this phase. For more information, see the Instructions page, Desktop Product Life Cycle of Microsoft Windows on: http://support.microsoft.com/?LN=en-us&pr=lifecycle Windows NT is a product separate from Windows 3.x, Windows 95 and Windows 98. At the point of market share company, for use in workstations and high-end servers. The first version, 3.1, and version 3.5, and 3:51, using an interface similar to Windows 3.1. Version 4.0 uses an interface that was first introduced with Windows 95. Windows NT 4.0 offers new features as follows:

  • NTFS file system support
  • security model (security model)
  • Remote Access Server (RAS)
  • Subsystem OS / 2 and POSIX
  • Ability to run on Intel, Alpha, MIPS and Motorola
Windows NT 4.0 consists of two versions: Advanced Server and Workstation. Advanced Server version with additional software that allows it to show the rules of the enterprise server. Advanced Server has the following additional features found in Workstation versions:
  • Software for controlling and manage domain
  • Internet Information Server (IIS)
  • Support for Microsoft Back Office products
  • Software DHCP server, DNS and WINS
Windows 2000
Windows 2000 was released as an update for Windows NT 4.0. Windows 2000 is not an upgrade from Windows 98 or 98SE. Windows 2000 is built on Windows NT and provides increased as follows:
  • Operating System full 32-bit
  • Support for NTFS or FAT32, with support for 32GB of hard disk drives while running FAT32.
  • Windows File Protection, in charge of the applications installed on the elimination of important system files.
  • Reduce the number of reboot scenarios, including installing programs that require a reboot for repair function.
  • Support for up to 4GB of Random Access Memory (RAM)
  • Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
  • A stronger integration of Internet with Internet Explorer 5.0.1

There are three different versions of Windows 2000: Professional, Server and Advanced Server. Professional is designed for desktop and laptop systems, both stand-alone and network, for individual use. Server is designed to perform file and printer servers. Advanced Server is designed to run with a more powerful server, Advanced Server has added support 4GB RAM. Windows XP.

In the release at the end of 2001, Windows XP to replace Windows 95/98 and NT family. Based on the similarity of code used to create Windows 2000, XP workstation is divided in two versions at launch: Home and Professional. Both versions combine the features of Windows 2000. Since its original release, three new editions of Windows XP was released. Including Media Center Edition, Tablet PC Edition, and XP Professional x64 (64-bit) edition Note: If you want to upgrade versions of Windows prior to XP, UITS recommends a clean intall (clean install) from the traditional upgrade, due to strong differences between the family of operating systems prior to Windows XP.

Windows XP Home Edition

Windows XP Home Edition has replaced Windows 95, 98 and Me. Several new features offered by Windows XP Home Edition are:

  • Fast, easy switching between user (consumer) on the same computer without having to close applications
  • Luna, a desktop with the latest plans, which put a feature-fituryang often used in locations most easily found on the Start menu.
  • Increase in Windows Media Player, integrating DVD playback, music organizations, and CD burning.
  • Windows Messenger, which offers built-in sending messages quickly over the Internet.
  • Windows Movie Maker, which offers built-in video capture and editing
  • Internet Explorer 6, the version of Microsoft's latest web browser.
  • Remote Assistance, which allows technicians to take control of computers while to diagnose and fix problems, or to demonstrate the features.
  • System Restore, which allows computers to keep his back against the current configuration in case of an error.
  • Network Setup Wizard, which allows easier setup for the home network for file, printer and Internet connection sharing.

Windows XP Professional Edition

Windows XP Professional Edition has replaced Windows NT and 2000. In addition to the features of the Home edition, which adds new features to improve the efficiency of networking and the task:

  • Remote Desktop, which allows the manufacture of a virtual session on a computer from another computer through the internet
  • Encrypting File System, which offers better security with key-file in a transparent KSI
  • Fast resume from Hibernation, to allow work to resume quickly and save time on the computer laptop battery life.
  • Support for 802.1x networking for more secure wireless networking.

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 was released as an upgrade to Windows 2000 Server. Additional features in Windows Server 2003 include:

  • Increasing dependence
  • Built-in support for web services
  • Common language Runtime reduce the number of bugs and security holes caused by common programming mistakes
  • Support for 32-bit processor and 64-bit (depending on version)
  • Symmetric multi-processing support up to 64 processors
  • Supported up to 512GB RAM

There are several versions of Windows 2003 Server is different: the Standard Edition, Enter process Edition, Datacenter Edition, Web Edition and Small Business Server 2003.

b. Linux

What is Linux ?

Linux is like Unix Operating System, which is independent of the POSIX implementation, including true-multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand-loading, proper memory management, and multiuser. Linux like UNIX, a lot of software support from TEX, X Window, GNU C / C + + to the TCP / IP. Linux is an operating system that is widely distributed for free under the license GNU General Public License (GPL) which means that the Linux source code is also available. That's what makes Linux so special.

Linux is developed by the groups, without pay, which many found on the Internet, exchange code, report a bug, and fix any problems there. Anyone interested are welcome to join in the development of Linux.

Linux was first created by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Then again Linux was developed with assistance from many programmers and UNIX whiz on the Internet. Now that Linux distributions can be obtained from the general-use distribution, eg RedHat, Debian, Slackware, Caldera, Stampede Linux, TurboLinux and others. The kernel used is equally Linux, while the difference is the application packets submitted, the preparation of a directory system, init style, etc.

Which is better? All the best, depending on taste. If debating the advantages and disadvantages of each, there would never end.

Linux was once a hobby project by Linus Torvalds who worked to get inspiration from Minix. Minix is a small UNIX system developed by Andy Tanenbaum. 00:01 Linux version worked around August 1991. Then in October 1991 December 5, Linus announced the official version of Linux, which is 0.02 which is only able to run bash (GNU Bourne Again Shell) and gcc (GNU C Compiler).

Now Linux is a complete UNIX system, can be used for network (networking), software development, and even for day-to-day. Linux now an alternative OS that is much lower when compared with commercial OS, with Linux an equal ability even more.

Why use Linux?

Linux, often also called GNU / Linux, the operating system compatible with Unix, Linux kernel itself contains a set of comprehensive and tools and other programs, the majority of projects under the auspices of the Free Software Foundation's GNU General Public License. Graphics or Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided by the X Window System and the libraries and tools-appliance.

All this software can be obtained free of charge under license GNU General Public License or other license-a license that is similar to that. Pursuant to this license, anyone can get a good program in source code (human readable) would also binary (machine readable) so the program can be modified, adapted, would also be further developed by anyone.

Because many programs and software components (usually combined in "packages";) that form a complete Linux system, and all of them are managed by many people and organizations in different schedules, so some companies and organizations to collect packages into a distribution (distro). But not only that, they also conduct tests on the software in it, develop programs that facilitate the installation or installations, some of which provide no technical support, and so forth. There are commercial distributions like Red Hat, Caldera, SuSE, and there is also a non-commercial distribution such as Debian GNU / Linux. Both commercial distribution would also non-commercially available free of charge on the Internet, and also in the media as CD-ROM (you pay the cost of media plus shipping of course). Fundamental differences between commercial and non-commercial is that commercial products are supported by a company that provides technical support, and may also provide some other commercial software that can’t be distributed for free. This is certainly important in a particular business environment.

History
Although Linux is not an official Unix systems, Linux has a policy of heritage, culture, architecture and experience of Unix operating systems for 28 years. Since the emergence of Linux source code (in 1991) Linux kernel have been investigated (review) and executed by (at least) tens of thousands of programmers around the world. Most GNU programs and the X Window System has been there longer than Linux and has been studied more thoroughly.

Source code of a rival operating system, like Windows 95 and Windows NT, are not available to the public, so cannot be observed by the public. The design of such a system does not enjoy the historical development of Unix systems.

Linux Users
Linux is estimated to have approximately 7.5 million consumers, and that figure continues to grow rapidly every day.

Interaction with other OS
Linux operating system can interact with others in three ways: compatibility of files and file systems, network compatibility, and emulation (simulation) operating system.

Linux can use files from other operating systems, in a sense can read and write the file format. So (hard) disk and floppy-disk from the OS / 2, NT, DOS / Windows, Apple Macintosh, Unix, and other systems, can be read (in many cases also be written) easily under Linux. Almost all industry standard file formats supported by Linux applications, but some formats specific vendor or product.

At the level of networking, Linux can work very well with other operating systems. Linux has support for TCP / IP is very good, and also has support for Microsoft's SMB file sharing and printing via Samba package, Apple's file and printer sharing via Net Talk, and IPX / SPX (Novell) file sharing through a package of Mars NWE (and commercial packages from Caldera).

In a mixed environment of Windows / Linux, use the Samba server and smbclient system, Linux computer will appear in the Network Neighborhood of Windows systems, can hardly be distinguished by NT. Linux computers will also have full access to files and printers be shared from WFWG, Windows 95, or Windows NT.

C. Macintosh
What is a Macintosh?
Macintosh, or abbreviated as Mac, is one of the PowerPC based personal computers produced by Apple. This computer is named after the McIntosh, a popular type of apple Jef Raskin. Macintosh was first introduced in January 1984 through the Super Bowl ads is phenomenal. The first Macintosh computer was introduced the graphical interface (GUI). At that time, a move that made Apple is a revolutionary development in the world's personal computers.

Macintosh Types

1984: Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K
1986: Macintosh Plus
1987: Macintosh II, Macintosh SE
1988: Macintosh IIX
1989: Macintosh SE/30, Macintosh IIcx, Macintosh IIci, Macintosh Portable
1990: IIfx Macintosh, Macintosh Classic, Macintosh IIsi, Macintosh LC Series
1991: Macintosh Quadra, PowerBook
1992: IIvx Macintosh, PowerBook Duo
1993: Macintosh Centris, Macintosh Color Classic, Macintosh Performa, Macintosh TV
1994: Power Macintosh
1997: Power Macintosh G3, PowerBook G3, Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh
1998: iMac
1999: iBook, Power Macintosh G4
2000: Power Mac G4 Cube
2001: PowerBook G4
2002: EMAC
2003: Xserve, Power Mac G5, iMac G4
2004: iMac G5
2005: Mac mini
2006: MacBook, MacBook Pro

III. COVER
From the explanation above we can conclude that the function of the operating system is a set of computer performance as much as possible. And also to meet the needs in terms of management or other data.

REFERENCES:

http://infodownloadsoftware.com/tentang-os-microsoft-windows.html
http://sembangkomputer.com/istilah-os-operating-system/
http://lukis.wordpress.com/my-movie/

(seadanya)